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英語專業四級破解閱讀理解答案選項七大秘笈

長沙理工大學外國語學院專業四級命題研究小組編寫

任何一門考試，只要你把握了命題老師的出題思路，就一定能得高分，這是客觀真理。因為作為老師，他總喜歡揣摩著怎樣去考倒學生，問題怎么提，選項怎么設置，這已是一種思維定勢，形成了規律，值得我們來研究。本節所列七大閱讀秘笈，都是脫離原文閱讀材料來分析答案選項，旨在把文章閱讀轉換為選項閱讀，從而大大縮減了閱讀量，這對基礎差或考試時時間不足的考生來說無疑是一個福音，將大有裨益。

1．包含項原則

在答案選項分析中，假如對A)選項的理解概括了對其它三項(或其中某一項)的理解，那么我們就說選項A)與其他三項是包含或概括關系，包含項A)往往就是正確答案。如在“花”與“玫瑰”兩選項中，正確答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰,因為玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。

Living in a residence hall carries certainobligation. You have to be considerate of others, especially during study hours. Telephone calls and visits by friends should be short. You have to cooperate in keeping the room as sanitary as possible. It is sometimes hard to be tolerant of another person’s habits that may differ from your own.

24. What must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory?

A) Your roommate’s telephone calls

B) Habits that may differ from your own

C) Visits by your roommate’s friends

D) Roommates who are unsanitary

【原文題意】:住學生宿舍要受一些約束。你必須要考慮他人習慣，特別是在學習的時間。打電話及接待朋友來訪的時間盡量要短。你還得齊心協力與室友盡可能保持好寢室衛生。有時候你是很難容忍別人不同的生活習慣。）

『個案解析』：從四個選項分析中我們可以看出，選項B)“與你不同的生活習慣”其實就包含并概括了其他三選項，即A)室友的電話、C)室友的朋友來訪、D)室友不愛衛生，這些都是你不能接受的生活習慣。如果我們可以選A)、C)、D)任一選項，那么B)也可以選，但正確答案只有一個，所以我們只能選B)。

再如:

Q: The three examples are cited to show that______.

A. Quit smoking is necessary

B. Healthy habits benefit our health

C. Fruits and vegetables are better than milk

D. We should drink more water everyday.

『個案解析』：

答案為B。顯而易見，B為包含項，概括了A、C、D三項，即“quit smoking, have more fruits and vegetables and drink more water”都是“Healthy habits”。

Q: In the building of the rail lines, ______.

A. more equipment made in made inChinashould be used

B. more imported equipment should be used

C. more exported equipment should be used

D. more equipment used in infrastructure projects should be used

『個案解析』：

正確答案為A。選項A命題（應該使用更多的國產設備）包含了選項C命題（應該使用更多的出口設備），因為出口設備本身就意味著它是國產設備。

包含項原則預示：選項中內容全面、概況性強的，往往是正確答案。

2．正反項原則

所謂正反項，是指兩選項陳述的命題完全相矛盾。根據形式邏輯排中律知識：兩個相互矛盾的判斷不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在閱讀理解中，假如四選項中A)、B)互為正反項，那我們通常先排除C)、D)項，正確答案一般在A)、B)項當中取其一。

They feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the other is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she or he is talking about. Most people listen only with their ears.

According to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when____

A) we are emotionally tired

B) we are physically disabled

C) we are so interested in the topic

D) we are asked many questions

【原文意】:當他們心不在焉,感到厭倦,或對他/她談論的話題不感興趣的時候，他們就會覺得自己不是一個好的聽眾了。他們大多數人僅僅是用耳朵而非用心去聽。

『個案解析』：四個選項中，A）與C）陳述互相矛盾,互為正反項。我們什么時候不會用心去聽? A）我們情緒厭倦的時候，C）我們對話題很感興趣的時候。顯然這兩個選項是矛盾正反判斷，只有一個而且必有一個是真，所以我們可以先排除B）、D）選項，然后再結合我們下文將要提及的常識項原則，可以把答案確定為A）。

再看一例：

The main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus is little better, but the surface’s temperature is very high. Mars with thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the animals.

Q: There is unlikely any life on Venus because______.

A．it has very thin atmosphere

B．the surface temperature is too hot

C．the weather is too cold

D．it is extremely short of water

『個案解析』：B項（表面溫度太熱）與C項（氣候太寒冷）語義相反互為正反項。根據正反項原則，可以排除A、D項，然后在B、C項中選其一，這樣，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率從25%提高到50％。其實，此題為細節題，根據原文第三句，我們可以把答案確定為B。

正反項原則預示:陳述內容或基調完全相反的兩選項往往有一個是正確答案。

3．委婉項原則

所謂委婉，這里是指說話不能說死，要留有余地。閱讀理解選項中語氣平和、委婉的往往是正確答案。這些選項一般含有不十分肯定或試探性語氣的表達，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition，tend to，be liable to等等，而含有絕對語氣的表達往往不是正確答案，如：must, always, never, the most, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly，already等等。

Q: According to the first two paragraphs, ____.

A). the use of water is a completely new concept

B) the sea has already long been used as a way of power

C) water is a source of energy far more economical than any other energies

D) water, if properly handled, may present a promising solution to energy crisis.

『個案解析』：很明顯，根據委婉原則，正確答案應該為D,其他三項都含有過于肯定語氣的詞，如：completely, has already, far more than any other。而選項D比較委婉，if分詞短語使說話留有余地，情態動詞may使語氣相對平緩。

再如：

56. The opinion of the writer is that____.

A. theremay beother intelligent beings in the universe

B. there are other intelligent beings in the universe

C. people living on the earth arealmost certainlythe only intelligent beings in the universe

D. people living on the earth aredefinitely the onlyintelligent beings in the universe

（王長喜2005預測試卷9－56題）

『個案解析』：

答案為A。根據委婉項原則，我們先可以把含有絕對語氣詞almost，certainly，definitely，the only的C、D項先排除，對比A、B項，我們會發現A項與B項所表達意思相近，但A項含有推測情態詞may，使得它所表述的語氣比B項更委婉，所以答案應該為A項。

24. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Working hard is a basic requirement ofallemployees.

B. Good writing skills alone help you succeed inanyfield

C. Theonlyqualification for getting hired by a company is good communication skills

D. While the importance of one’s ability to communicate increases, his professional backgroundmaybecome increasingly less important.

『個案解析』：

答案：D。選項A（工作努力是對所有員工最起碼的要求）；選項B（單憑好的寫作技能可使你在任何領域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一條件就是要有良好的表達技能）都過于絕對化；選項D（當交流表達能力重要性上升時，專業技術背景的重要性就可能會相應降低）中“may”表推測的情態動詞使語氣較為平緩，所以有可能是正確答案。

4．同形項原則

幾個選項如存在形式與結構上的相似，那它們就互為同形項。同形項組可喻為高爾夫球場上的“果嶺”，而正確答案就是果嶺上的“球洞”。命題者往往先將正確答案設置在一個大命題范圍，然后通過語言形式的細微變化來考察考生的理解能力與分析能力。同形項原則告訴我們：詞匯與句法結構相似的選項一般存在有正確答案。

The development of rapid transit rail lines in cities shouldparallellocal economic development and blind construction of such lines should be avoided…It stressed that the amount of domestically made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased.

16. The rapid-transit rail lines should ______.

A. develop as quickly as possible

B. develop with local economic development

C. develop after local economic development

D. develop with the construction industry

『個案解析』：答案為B。經語言形式與結構分析，我們不難發現B、C選項形式與結構相似（僅with與after一詞之差）為同形項，所以可先試著排除A、D。再結合常識（常識項原則/下文）：高速路軌的建設應該與地方經濟互相促進、同步發展，可最終確定答案為B。

檢驗：根據原文中的“parallel”（與…平行）可以確定上述分析結果正確。

5．常識項原則

在議論文當中，那些符合一般常識，意義深刻富有哲理，符合一般規律，屬于普遍現象的選項往往是正確答案。

Trees are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods. Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.

Q: What is the most important service of trees to man according to the passage?

A. They help him make money

B. They give him wood and other products

C. They help him prevent droughts and floods

D. They give him shade

『個案解析』：答案為C，這是常識項。植樹造林是我國的一大國策，目的在于防止洪澇、風沙、旱災，這是我國公民的普遍常識，所以C為正確答案：樹木可以幫助人類阻擋洪澇與旱災。相對于其它三項，C項意義更加深遠。其實，根據“Unfortunately(語義轉折標志)，in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is themost important，”我們也可以得出C項為正確答案。

再如：

If Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for one or two years only, the insurance company will lose heavily.But if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.

Q: According to the passage, the insurance company will make great profits.

A. If the premium（保險費）is increased so the company can earn more money each year.

B. If nobody above seventy buys insurance against death.

C. If most insurance buyers live longer than the average length of life.

D. If most insurance buyers live shorter than the average length of life.

『個案解析』：答案為C，這也是常識項。眾所周知，保險公司之所以能盈利，那是因為被保險的對象平安無事，所以，人活得越長，他交的保險額就越多，保險公司利潤就越高，所以C為正確答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更長。

注意：人的平均年齡往往是保險公司設置保率的基準。另外，此題根據“But（語義轉折標志）if she lives to the age of seventy or beyond, the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推斷出答案為C。

6．集合項原則

四個選項中，如果有一項是其它兩項或三項的集合，那么此集合項往往就是正確答案。

其表現形式為：A and B; A, B and C; Both A and B; all of the above items。

The Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe andAustraliacombined,surrounded by the most unobstructed water areas of the world- the Atlantic, Pacific, andIndianOceans.

Q: Antarctic is bordered (與…接壤) by the ____.

A )Atlantic ocean

B)Pacific Ocean

C) Indian Ocean.

D) All of the above

『個案解析』：D項為集合項，覆蓋了A/B/C三項內容，是正確答案。根據最后一句“南極被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋活水域所環繞，”答案就應該是D項。再如：

In his eagerness to make money from trees, he hascut them downin large numbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had. And besides, he is usually toocarelessto plant andlook afternew trees. So the forests slowlydisappear.

47. Why do forests in many parts of the world slowlydisappear?

A. New trees are notlooked afterproperly

B. Many trees have beencut downby man

C. Man hasnot paid enough attentionto planting trees

D. All of the above

『個案解析』：答案為D，因為它是集合項，它集合了A、B、C三選項內容。此題屬細節事實題型，根據題干與選項的關鍵詞我們可以直接在原文中定位到正確答案就是D。

7．因果項原則

專業四級英語閱讀理解邏輯推理基本都是通過因果鏈進行的，前因后果，一步步循序漸進。然而，在推理題型的選項中，有的選項會推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理過頭（止于后果），這就是所謂的干擾項。因果項原則規定：假如四個選項中有兩項互為同一事物推理過程中的因果關系，那么正確答案就是這兩個因果項中的其中之一。如果因項可以產生不只果項一個的結果，那么答案就是因項；如果果項可以對應不只一個因項的原因，那么答案就是果項。

No one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniform tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual, that is, the individual in a uniform loses self-worth. There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification with a more important concept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most important, if an organization is so weak that it must rely on the uniform to inspire it members, that organization has not right to continue its existence. On the other hand, uniforms also hurt the economy.

Q: The author’s main purpose in writing this paragraph is to______.

A. show that uniform are possible in a democratic society

B. advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms

C. convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages

D. advocate doing away with uniforms

『個案解析』：答案為C，綜合分析四個選項，我們會發現C與B、D項互為因果項，也就是說，因為C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁廢除制服。根據因果項原則，一個原因對應了兩個結果，答案應該選原因項C。本題是主旨題，根據原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，說明制服弊大于利。B、D項為干擾項，屬于推理過頭。